Annual Review of Sociology
Опубликовано на портале: 23-12-2002
Judith R. Blau, Melanie Archer
Annual Review of Sociology.
1993.
Vol. 19.
P. 17-41.
This review assesses sociological and historical research relevant to the emergence
and consolidation of the American middle class in the nineteenth century. On the
one hand, macrosociological theories have relied on a two-class model which renders
the middle class a residual social category. Yet, on the other hand, community studies
of the "new" social history--while they have opened up new avenues of inquiry into
the complex social processes underlying middle class formation--have tended to focus
on particular decades of the nineteenth century, leading to a fragmented view of
the occupational composition of the middle class. Distinct literatures have developed
around the study of particular occupational strata: artisans, small capitalists,
white-collar wage earners, and the petite bourgeoisie. We argue here that different
occupational groups overlap in time and represent a heterogeneous and historically
shifting middle class rather than distinct entities. The argument for the integrity
of a distinct middle class also rests on an understanding of the development of urban
institutions and the cultural expressions of middle-class lifestyles and behavior.
The expansion of this middle class, however, was closely linked to a growing economy
and increasing equality of opportunity. We speculate that the reversal of these conditions,
evident from the 1970s, may undermine the well-being of the middle class and its
correlative social values, notably tolerance and civility.

Опубликовано на портале: 23-12-2002
Jeff Manza, Michael Hout, Clem Brooks
Annual Review of Sociology.
1995.
Vol. 21.
P. 137-162.
Over the last two decades, many social scientists have argued that the stable class
politics of industrial capitalism is giving way to newer types of social and attitudinal
cleavages. Some scholars have gone further to associate what they see as significant
declines in the anchorings provided by class with the rise of new political movements,
parties, and even politicians standing for office completely outside traditional
party systems. Advances in class theory and statistical methods coupled with the
availability of high quality data have led others to reexamine the issue. They have
suggested that these arguments reflect a misreading of the empirical evidence and/or
exaggerate the significance of these developments. We conclude that despite the absence
of a clear consensus in the field, theories asserting a universal process of class
dealignment are not supported.

Опубликовано на портале: 23-12-2002
Harry B. G. Ganzeboom, Donald J. Treiman, Wout C. Ultee
Annual Review of Sociology.
1991.
Vol. 17.
P. 277-302.
In this article, we review 40 years of cross-national comparative research on the
intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic advantage, with particular attention
to developments over the past 15 years--that is, since the transition between (what
have become known as) the second and third generations of social stratification and
mobility research. We identify the generations by a set of core studies and categorize
them with respect to data collection, measurement, analytical models, research problems,
main hypotheses, and substantive results. We go on to discuss a number of new topics
and approaches that have gained prominence in the research agenda in the last decade.
We conclude that the field has progressed considerably with respect to data collection
and measurement; that shifts across generations with respect to data analytic and
modelling strategies do not unambiguously represent advances; and that with respect
to problem development and theory formulation the field has become excessively narrow.

Опубликовано на портале: 23-12-2002
Alan C. Kerckhoff
Annual Review of Sociology.
1995.
Vol. 21.
P. 323-347.
This chapter reviews the current state of our knowledge about the role of institutional
arrangements in stratification processes in industrial societies. The particular
institutional arrangements considered are those of educational and labor force organizations.
The review is organized around the Blau-Duncan basic model of status attainment and
points to the need for a more elaborated conceptualization. Institutional arrangements
structure the connections between social origin and educational attainment, between
educational attainment and early labor force placements, and between early and later
placements in the labor force. Industrial societies vary widely in the nature of
these institutional arrangements, and that variation affects the patterns of movement
from origins to destinations in the stratification system. Features of educational
institutions considered include separation of students into specialized schools and
ability groups (tracking), degree of central control, degree of autonomy, degree
of stratification, and the number and specialized nature of credentials. Features
of labor force institutions considered include occupational and firm-specific job
classifications, internal labor markets and vacancy chains, industrial sectors and
career lines. Critical aspects of the societal variation are the form of the interface
between education and labor force structures and the nature of the transition from
school to work. A preliminary set of hypotheses linking institutional arrangements
and stratification processes is derived from this review.

Опубликовано на портале: 23-12-2002
James N. Baron
Annual Review of Sociology.
1984.
Vol. 10.
P. 37-69.
This essay reviews recent theory and research on organizations and social stratification,
focusing on two dimensions of inequality that are affected by organizations and their
environments: (a) how rewards and opportunities vary as a function of organizational
attributes and (b) how enterprises differ in their criteria for matching workers
and jobs. The effects of reward structures and sorting processes on workers, organizational
performance, and interorganizational relations are also considered briefly. Since
many hypotheses about labor markets concern links between organizations and socioeconomic
achievement, there is a need for comparative organizational research to complement
analyses at the individual and aggregate levels. Moreover, the interdependence of
career outcomes within and among enterprises is widely recognized but requires explicit
study. Future research will benefit immeasurably from the development and testing
of hypotheses about how organizations and environments influence labor market processes.

Опубликовано на портале: 23-12-2002
Kenneth I. Spenner
Annual Review of Sociology.
1988.
Vol. 14.
P. 69-97.
The last decade saw considerable advances in the state of research on social stratification,
work, and personality. The program carried out by Kohn, Schooler, and colleagues
was central to refocusing research on social structure and personality, and generating
new knowledge about social stratification, work, and personality. The review is organized
around the Kohn-Schooler program and considers other research and issues in relation
to this centerpiece. It includes central features and findings of the Kohn-Schooler
models, replication support and extensions, scope conditions and limitations, alternate
hypotheses and relationships to other explanatory models, and other forms of unattended
heterogeneity. The review concludes with a summary of the ways in which the field
can and should move beyond this central program; the summary is organized in terms
of a research agenda at multiple levels of time and space in social structure.

Опубликовано на портале: 23-12-2002
Tamas Kolosi
Annual Review of Sociology.
1988.
Vol. 14.
P. 405-419.
The study of social structure represents an important field of sociological research
in the European socialist countries. At first, the objective of these studies was
to revise the ideological model of society developed during the period of Stalinism,
a model that distinguished "two allied classes"--the working class and the peasantry--and
"one stratum"--the intelligentsia. Later, as knowledge developed, scientific interest
shifted from ideological criticism to exploring and understanding actual social conditions.
The present paper briefly touches upon these ideological and scientific developments
and makes an attempt to build a model that represents both the system of reproduction
and the system of inequality of Hungarian society.

Women, Family and Class [статья]
Опубликовано на портале: 23-12-2002
Annemette Sorensen
Annual Review of Sociology.
1994.
Vol. 20.
P. 27-47.
The question of how to incorporate women in class analysis and stratification research
has been the topic of heated controversy in recent decades. Much of the debate has
been about the conventional approach to research on social mobility and class analysis
that assumes the family to be the unit of stratification and the family's class position
to be determined independently of women's work position. Those defending the conventional
view can show that research on the empirical validity of the conventional view provides
partial support for it, and that its use in previous empirical research probably
has not resulted in serious misrepresentations. In this article, I review the literature
on these issues. I summarize the criticism and defense of the conventional view and
review research that examines its empirical adequacy. This is followed by a discussion
of alternative approaches to the determination of the family's class position.
