Статьи
Всего статей в данном разделе : 54
Comparing Poverty Rates Internationally: Lessons from recent studies in developed
countries [статья]
Опубликовано на портале: 01-12-2003
Anthony B. Atkinson
World Bank Economic Review.
1991.
Vol. 5.
No. 1.
P. 3-21.
Studies comparing poverty in different countries frequently inform the evaluation
of past policies and the formulation of future policies for reducing poverty. If
the comparisons are to be a valid foundation for such assessments, in particular
if they are to be a guide to the effective allocation of funds, the underlying concepts
must be examined and defined. This article discusses four issues that are critical
in this respect: the choice of poverty indicator, the determination of the poverty
line, the unit of analysis, and the choice of equivalance scale. A selection of studies
of poverty in countries that belong to the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development is used to show how the choices made in defining these indicators
affect the findings about the extent and composition of the poor population. Although
the context is different, the experience of rich countries may yield useful lessons
for developing countries.

Опубликовано на портале: 02-12-2003
Francois Bourguignon
Econometrica.
1979.
Vol. 47.
No. 4.
P. 901-920.
A decomposable inequality measure is defined as a measure such that the total inequality
of a population can be broken down into a weighted average of the inequality existing
within subgroups of the population and the inequality existing between them. Thus,
decomposable measures differ only by the weights given to the inequality within the
subgroups of the population. It is proven that the only zero-homogeneous "income-weighted"
decomposable measure is Theil's coefficient (T) and that the only zero-homogeneous
"population-weighted" decomposable measure is the logarithm of the arithmetic mean
over the geometric mean (L). More generally, it is proved that T and L are the only
decomposable inequality measures such that the weight of the "within-components"
in the total inequality of a partitioned population sum to a constant. More general
decomposable measures are also analyzed.


Опубликовано на портале: 03-12-2003
Simon Kuznets
American Economic Review.
1955.
Vol. 45.
No. 1.
P. 1-28.
The process of industrialization engenders increasing income inequality as the labor
force shifts from low-income agriculture to the high income sectors. On more advanced
levels of development inequality starts decreasing and industrialized countries are
again characterized by low inequality due to the smaller weight of agriculture in
production (and income generation).


Опубликовано на портале: 13-12-2003
A. F. Shorrocks
Econometrica.
1984.
Vol. 52.
No. 6.
P. 1369-1386.
This paper examines the implications of imposing a weak aggregation condition on
inequality indices, so that the overall inequality value can be computed from information
concerning the size, mean, and inequality value of each population subgroup. It is
shown that such decomposable inequality measures must be monotonic transformations
of additively decomposable indices. The general functional form of decomposable indices
is derived without assuming that the measures are differentiable. The analysis is
suitable for extension to the many other kinds of indices for which a similar relationship
between the overall index value and subaggregates is desirable.


Investment in Human Beings [статья]
Опубликовано на портале: 28-04-2004
Gary Stanley Becker
Journal of Political Economy.
1962.
P. 9-49.
Публикация главы из книги Г. Беккера "Человеческий капитал", в которой
рассматривается проблематика инвестиций в повышение квалификации работника через дополнительное
образование. Описывается несколько схем оплаты дополнительного образования, дается оценка их
эффективности и динамика заработной платы работника в зависимости от выбранной схемы.
Русский перевод главы см.: "США: экономика, политика, идеология", № 11,
ноябрь, 1993 г.


On Inequality Comparisons [статья]
Опубликовано на портале: 03-12-2003
Gary S. Fields, John C.H. Fei
Econometrica.
1978.
Vol. 46.
No. 2.
P. 303-306.
In this paper, we have developed an approach to inequality comparisons which differs
from the conventional one. Beginning by postulating three axioms, we showed that
the axiomatic system so constructed is sufficient to justify the Lorenz criterion
for inequality comparisons. However, like the Lorenz criterion, the axiomatic system
is incomplete. Past researchers have achieved completeness by the use of cardinal
inequality measures. We showed that many but by no means all of the commonly used
indices satisfy our three axioms. The ones which do satisfy the axioms agree on the
ranking of distributions whose Lorenz curves do not intersect. However, when Lorenz
curves do intersect, the various measures partition the income distribution space
differently. Since the three axioms are insufficient to determine the specific partition
to use, the use of any of the conventional measures implicitly accepts the additional
welfare judgments associated with that measure.
The key issue for inequality comparisons is the reasonableness of the ordering criterion,
which in the case of cardinal measures is the index itself. An axiomatic approach
is probably the ideal method for confronting this issue, because the reasonable properties
(i.e., the axioms) are postulated explicitly. At minimum, this approach facilitates
communication by enabling (and indeed requiring) one to set forth clearly his own
viewpoints and value judgments for scrutiny by others. But in addition, to the extent
that one person's judgments (such as those in our three axioms) are acceptable to
others, controversies over inequality comparisons may be resolved. We have seen that
our three axioms are incomplete insofar as they cannot determine the ordinal ranking
uniquely. A feasible and desirable direction for future research is to investigate
what further axioms could be introduced to complete the axiomatic system or at least
to reduce further the zones of ambiguity.
It is conceivable that beyond some point the search for new axioms may turn out to
be unrewarding. In that case, inequality comparisons will always be subject to arbitary
specifications of welfare weights. The selection of suitable weights by whatever
reasonable criterion one cares to exercise is a less desirable but possibly more
practical alternative than a strictly axiomatic approach.
Our research has hopefully made clear that inequality comparisons cannot be made
without adopting value judgments, explicit or otherwise, about the desirability of
incomes accruing to persons at different positions in the income distribution. Even
the Lorenz criterion, which permits us to rank the relative inequality of different
distributions in only a fraction of the cases, embodies such judgments. The traditional
inequality indices such as those considered in Section 3, to the extent they complete
the ordering, embody some value judgments


Опубликовано на портале: 26-11-2003
Amartya Sen
Econometrica.
1976.
Vol. 44.
No. 2.
P. 219-231.
The primary aim of this paper is to propose a new measure of poverty, which should
avoid some of the shortcomings of the measures currently in use. An axiomatic approach
is used to derive the measure. The conception of welfare in the axiom set is ordinal.
The information requirement for the new measure is quite limited, permitting practical
use.

The many faces of gender inequality [статья]
Опубликовано на портале: 03-12-2003
Amartya Sen
The New Republic.
2001.
P. 35-40.
Gender inequality has many distinct and dissimilar faces. In overcoming some of its
worst manifestations, especially in mortality rates, the cultivation of women's empowerment
and agency, through such means as women's education and gainful employment, has proved
very effective. But in dealing with the new form of gender inequality, the injustice
relating to natality, there is a need to go beyond the question of the agency of
women and to look for a more critical assessment of received values. When anti-female
bias in behavior {such as sex-specitic abortion) reflects the hold of traditional
masculinist values from which mothers themselves may not be immune, what is needed
is not just freedom of action but also freedom of thought — the freedom to
question and to scrutinize inherited beliefs and traditional priorities. Informed
critical agency is important in combating inequality of every kind, and gender inequality
is no exception.

Опубликовано на портале: 01-12-2003
Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen
World Bank Economic Review.
1997.
Vol. 11.
No. 2.
Is it true that the poor have lost ground, even as average living standards have
risen? No. Poor people typically share in rising average living standards. It has
been claimed that in recent times the poor have lost ground, both relatively and
absolutely, even as average standards of living were rising. Ravallion and Chen test
that claim, using more than 100 household surveys for more than 40 countries. Overall
there was a small decrease in poverty incidence in 1987-93, though experiences differed
across regions and countries. There was no general tendency for inequality or polarization
to increase with growth. Distribution improves as often as it worsens in growing
economies, and negative growth often appears to be highly detrimental to distribution.
Poor people typically do share in rising average living standards. This holds in
all regions.
It has been claimed that in recent times the poor have lost ground, both relatively
and absolutely, even when average levels of living have risen. This article tests
that claim using household surveys for 67 developing and transitional economies over
1981-94. It finds that changes in inequality and polarization were uncorrelated with
changes in average living standards. Distribution improved as often as it worsened
in growing economies, and negative growth was often more detrimental to distribution
than positive growth. Overall, there was a small decrease in absolute poverty, although
with diverse experiences across regions and countries. Almost always, poverty fell
with growth in average living standards and rose with contraction.


Бедность и маргинализация населения [статья]
Опубликовано на портале: 17-07-2006
Наталья Михайловна Римашевская
Социологические исследования.
2004.
№ 4.
С. 33-43.
Автор подробно рассматривает историю обозначенной проблемы, особое внимание уделяя
методикам оценки "бедности" и "малообеспеченности" населения. Однако можно сделать
общий вывод о том, что масштабы бедности сводятся фактически к выявлению доли и численности
бедных в населении страны или региона. Исходным при этом является вычленение границы
бедности, методология которой имеет по крайней мере три практики: абсолютный подход,
основанный на сопоставлении денежных доходов или расходов с прожиточным минимумом,
депривационный, построенный путем измерения бедности относительно преобладающих в обществе
стандартов потребления, и субъективный, измеряющий бедность через представления самого
населения о денежных ресурсах, необходимых семье, чтобы не быть бедной.


Бедные дети богатой Америки [статья]
Опубликовано на портале: 17-07-2006
Ольга Борисовна Осколкова
Социологические исследования.
2003.
№ 2.
С. 78-86.
Бедность детей в США в несколько раз превосходит аналогичные показатели по другим
развитым странам с рыночной экономикой. Вместе с тем богатство Америки, если исходить
из размера ВВП, с 1965 по 1992 гг. почти удвоилось, но бедных детей практически не
убавилось. При этом, среди тех детей, кто относится к беднякам, половина находится
в таком положении, что доход, который на них приходится, составляет лишь половину
дохода официальной черты бедности. Основываясь на богатом статистическом материале,
автор сопоставляет различные американские программы помощи бедным семьям.


Опубликовано на портале: 07-08-2006
Наталья Владимировна Бондаренко
Вестник общественного мнения: Данные. Анализ. Дискуссии.
2005.
№ 4 (78).
С. 55-62.
Результаты исследований уровня жизни говорят о все большей поляризации общества по
текущим доходам. Однако автор показывает, что при расчете уровня жизни необходимо
использовать данные об имуществе, так как это свидетельствует о прошлых доходах.


Опубликовано на портале: 23-04-2004
Надежда Марковна Давыдова
Общественные науки и современность.
2002.
№ 3.
С. 39-48.
Используя данные общероссийского репрезентативного мониторинга РНИиНП (2000 г.) и
проекта «Бедность и социальная эксклюзия в России: региональные, этнонациональные
и социокультурные аспекты» (рук. Н. Мэннинг и Н. Тихонова), автор статьи рассматривает
проблему доступности для разных домохозяйств возможностей использования альтернативных
способов существования, анализирует их роль в практическом выживании наиболее нуждающихся
и оценивает их способность остановить дальнейшее снижение уровня жизни в подобных
семьях.


Опубликовано на портале: 23-08-2009
Ольга Владимировна Воронкова
TERRA ECONOMICUS.
2009.
Т. 7.
№ 2.
С. 74-81.
Статья представляет теоретические и практические аспекты государственной политики регулирования уровня бедности, в том числе с учетом антикризисных мер, применяемых правительствами разных стран. Изучение опыта Российской Федерации, некоторых европейских стран и США показывает, что методы снижения уровня бедности в большей степени зависят от социально-экономического развития страны.


Динамика качества жизни в субъектах Российской Федерации и направленность социальной политики [статья]
Опубликовано на портале: 31-12-2010
Владимир Викторович Коссов
Мир России.
2001.
Т. 10.
№ 2.
С. 50-66.
В статье обсуждается проблема динамики качества жизни населения России. На
основе созданной автором методики проведены расчеты по субъектам Российской Федерации для анализа влияния факторов, оказывающих как позитивное,
так и негативное влияние на интегральный показатель качества жизни.

