Экономика » Экономика отраслевых рынков » Аграрная экономика » Структура агропродовольственного сектора
Всего публикаций в данном разделе: 23
Книги
Авторы: |
Названия: |
Опубликовано на портале: 04-01-2004
Евгения Викторовна Серова
Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, 81-106 с.
Russia’s agro-food sector has changed significantly during the reform period.
Firstly, the agricultural production were transformed and the downstream sector has
been privatized. The industry has become more sensitive to market signals.
Secondly, the state role in food distribution was diminished sharply and a new market infrastructure of the food chain has emerged. Thirdly, the food deficit typical for the centrally-planned economy was almost eliminated. These changes were achieved at the expense of a notable fall in agro-food output and the food consumption of citizens. At the same time, from 1997 to the first half of 1998, there have been a number of signs for a recovery of the agro-food economy, though the recovery was slow and even reversed by the impact of the financial crisis that hit Russia in the second half of 1998.
Secondly, the state role in food distribution was diminished sharply and a new market infrastructure of the food chain has emerged. Thirdly, the food deficit typical for the centrally-planned economy was almost eliminated. These changes were achieved at the expense of a notable fall in agro-food output and the food consumption of citizens. At the same time, from 1997 to the first half of 1998, there have been a number of signs for a recovery of the agro-food economy, though the recovery was slow and even reversed by the impact of the financial crisis that hit Russia in the second half of 1998.


Опубликовано на портале: 20-04-2004
Евгения Викторовна Серова, Василий Якимович Узун, Рудольф Эдуардович Прауст, А.Н Тарасов, Bruce L. Gardner, В. Тизенхьюзен, T. Ferenczi
Москва: ИЭПП, негосударственный некоммерческий фонд Аналитический центр агропродовольственной экономики (АПЭ), 1999, cерия "Научные труды"
Научное издание представляет материалы международной конференции, проведённой
АПЭ в Голицыно 1-2 октября 1999 года. Рассматриваются результаты приватизации земли
и реорганизации сельскохозяйственных предприятий в ходе российских аграрных реформ.


Опубликовано на портале: 04-03-2004
В книге даётся анализ, главным образом, институциональной структуры рынка, то есть
структуры продовольственной
цепи, ее эволюции, а также, частично, функции рынка и его эффективности. Отмечается,
что центральной задачей российской аграрной реформы является переход от централизованно
планируемой системы к рыночной. Это предполагает не только формирование рыночно
ориентированных
производителей непосредственно в самом сельском хозяйстве, но также и
создание принципиально
иной рыночной инфраструктуры, позволяющей эффективно перемещать продукт от поля
к
конечному потребителю, с одной стороны, и с другой – также эффективно доставлять
рыночную информацию, сигналы от потребителя к производителю и обратно. Подчёркивается,
что если проблема
реорганизации сельскохозяйственных производителей в России изучена в отечественной
и западной литературе достаточно хорошо, то проблема формирования российских агропродовольственных
рынков остается крайне слабо исследованной.
Подчёркивается также, что исследование рынков в классическом понимании традиционно
включает в себя: анализ
степени конкурентности рынка, институциональной и функциональной структуры рынка,
условий рыночного равновесия и эффективности рынка.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Steffen Abele, Peter Voigt, Peter Weingarten
2002
Subsistence agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has only recently gained
interest
from agricultural economists. Their origin, their future and even their definition
is still not
well elaborated. This paper tries to throw light on the issue of subsistence farming
in CEE. It
first discusses the theoretical and empirical background of subsistence agriculture.
This part is
followed by a typology of subsistence farming as found in CEE. Analysis considers
several
hypotheses on the cause of subsistence agriculture, among them the structure of land
ownership,
market imperfections and lack of alternative income sources or low opportunity costs
of
labour respectively. Of all these hypotheses, only the latter can be proofed empirically,
which
is done by a nonlinear regression analysis. The paper concludes that this gives reason
to argue
that rather economic problems than specific problems related to the agricultural
structure in
CEE determine the degree of subsistence farming. Consequently, structural and social
policies
rather than agricultural policies like market intervention are to be considered.


Опубликовано на портале: 04-01-2004
Ming-Chin Chin, Robert D. Weaver
Zaragoza, 2002
Theoretical and simulation results clarify the role of forward procurement contracting
as a determinant of spot price levels and volatility. A stylized model determines
market
share across quality when procurers forward contract to manage quality risk. Actual
supply is specified as price dependent and stochastic. Simulation examines sensitivity
of
spot price level and volatility to extent of forward contracting, risk aversion,
and ability
to adjust spot market demand (recontracting).
The results show that as forward contracting increases mean spot price decreases and variance increases. This effect increases as risk aversion decreases and as the extent of recontracting adjustment in spot demand decreases.
The results show that as forward contracting increases mean spot price decreases and variance increases. This effect increases as risk aversion decreases and as the extent of recontracting adjustment in spot demand decreases.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Jan Christensen
2002
Agri-environmental schemes are offered by a regulator to farmers. The farmer is to
produce
certain environmental goods and gets a pecuniary compensation for doing so. The
problem of designing optimal schemes is dealt with using mechanisms design theory.
This
paper considers the situation where the regulator faces a budget constraint on total
payments
to farmers. It is shown, that 2 results of standard mechanisms design theory are
affected when a budget restriction on total payments is present.
1) The ”no distortion at the top rule“ does not always hold.
2) It is not always optimal to o.er heterogeneous farmers heterogeneous argi-environmental schemes.
1) The ”no distortion at the top rule“ does not always hold.
2) It is not always optimal to o.er heterogeneous farmers heterogeneous argi-environmental schemes.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
M. del Mar Delgado, Eduardo Ramos
2002
Last decades have seen the development of a new rural policy. Different problems
occurring in
rural areas have pushed the EU Commission to draft policy instruments aiming to address
them.
However this rural policy path has not always been explicit neither has followed
a continuous trend
but rather has seen a series of forward and backward steps.
Given the lack of a method to establish the relevance and the level of political
acceptance of EU
rural policy, a methodology has been developed. This methodology has tried to identify
the EU
political procedure trend, though this is not a formal sequence, and to establish
a classification of
different events according to a proposed hierarchy.
Several EU documents, decisions, directives and financial resource allocations have
been
analysed. Within the review performed, each rural policy milestone has been classified
following the
proposed hierarchical chart. This has enabled the drawing of the different backs
and forwards taken
by this process. Besides, it has lead to the interpretation of the rural policy instruments
current
position in relation with other European policy instruments.


Опубликовано на портале: 30-12-2003
Lilyan E. Fulginiti, Richard K. Perrin, Bingxin Yu
Durban, 2003
Agricultural productivity in 41 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries from
1960 to 1999 is examined by
estimating a semi-nonparametric Fourier production frontier. Over the four
decades the estimated rate of
productivity change was 0.83% per year, although the average rate from 1985-99
was a strong 1.90% per
year. Former UK colonies exhibited significantly higher productivity gains
than others, while Liberia and
countries that had been colonies of Portugal or Belgium exhibited net
reductions in productivity. We
measure a significant reduction in productivity during political conflicts and wars,
and a significant increase
in productivity among those countries with a measure of political rights and civil
liberties.


Опубликовано на портале: 10-04-2005
Hamish R. Gow, Johan Swinnen
2002
This paper analyses empirically the effect of "hold-ups" on capital investment in
farms using a sample of 318 Hungarian enterprises, surveyed over 1997. A negative
relationship
arises between capital investment and the incidence of hold-up behaviour. This relationship
is
affected by farm’s wealth and liquidity position, the quality of legal enforcement
of contracts, by
whether farms have contracted sales to foreign processors, and whether they are established
as
successors t pre-reform organisations rather than start-up businesses.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Valentina Hartarska
2002
This paper shows that imperfections in the credit market and insecurity of property
rights affect nonuniformly
the investment of younger and established microenterprises in Russia. The empirical
analysis of
investment is based on the liquidity constraint model but also accounts for the added
challenged that the weak
institutional structure and the small size of the enterprises pose. Investment in
younger firms is most constrained by
the availability of funds, while investment in more established microenterprises
is affected by the ability of the
entrepreneurs to “secure” their property rights by paying bribes. Financial
institutions are unable to distinguish good
from bad borrowers but lend to firms that have transparent transactions.


Опубликовано на портале: 30-11-2003
Peter B.R. Hazell
2003
Small farms still dominate the agricultural sector in much of the developing
world and they are still
significant players in the rural life of many rich countries. As part of the economic
transformation process,
rising labor costs drive most small farms out of business, and only part
time farmers and a few small-
specialized producers of higher value products survive. Historically this
process has usually taken several
generations to unfold, but the process may prove much faster in the future.
New driver variables are
quickening the pace, including the miniaturization of small farms under continuing
rural population growth
in poorer countries, the trade distorting agricultural policies of most
OECD countries, a shift towards
increasingly integrated and consumer driven markets as part of market liberalization
and globalization, and
the demographic impact of the spread of HIV/AIDS. The viability of small family farms
is threatened today
in all kinds of countries in historically unprecedented ways. Yet there are good
reasons why policy makers
should want to keep small farms around, and this will require deliberate
policies to provide them viable
development pathways in an increasingly hostile world. This paper reviews
the problem and discusses
appropriate policy interventions.


Опубликовано на портале: 28-11-2003
Lionel G. Hubbard, Imre Ferto
2002
Intra-industry trade in agri-food products between Hungary and the EU is shown to
be low
and dominated by vertically rather than horizontally differentiated products, suggesting
higher economic adjustment costs. Following recent empirical studies, we then test
econometrically for the determinants of this trade using different measures of horizontal
and
vertical trade, and employing an array of popular explanatory variables. Results
suggest that
separating the measure of intra-industry trade into vertical and horizontal provides
for better
estimation and supports the contention that the determinants may differ by type of
trade. In
the regression analysis, the level of intra-industry trade is found to serve as a
better dependent
variable than the degree or share of intra-industry trade.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Constantine Iliopoulos
2002
During recent years, dramatic changes in the world food system have led to unprecedented
competition between agribusiness firms. To compete in this environment, agricultural
cooperatives
should invest substantially in long-term activities such as R&D and advertisement.
Co-operatives have a difficult problem in acquiring equity capital because the residual
claimant
(benefactor) is the patron of the firm, not the investor. This organizational design
poses to cooperatives
three investment constraints:
a) the free rider problem,
b) the horizon problem, and
c) the portfolio problem.
Empirical analysis utilizing a latent variable structural equation model and a large dual response survey suggests that in the U.S. member-patrons are more likely to invest in co-operatives which adopt well defined property rights policies and structures than traditional co-operatives characterized by vaguely-defined property right structures. Agribusiness co-operatives in the European Union are gradually adopting long-term financing methods that possess one or more of the characteristics found in successful U.S. ‘New Generation Cooperatives.’ However, it seems that they have paid less attention in designing their organizational structures (e.g., membership policies). This may inhibit their efforts to gain a competitive advantage over investor-owned firms.
a) the free rider problem,
b) the horizon problem, and
c) the portfolio problem.
Empirical analysis utilizing a latent variable structural equation model and a large dual response survey suggests that in the U.S. member-patrons are more likely to invest in co-operatives which adopt well defined property rights policies and structures than traditional co-operatives characterized by vaguely-defined property right structures. Agribusiness co-operatives in the European Union are gradually adopting long-term financing methods that possess one or more of the characteristics found in successful U.S. ‘New Generation Cooperatives.’ However, it seems that they have paid less attention in designing their organizational structures (e.g., membership policies). This may inhibit their efforts to gain a competitive advantage over investor-owned firms.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Roel Jongeneel
2002
This paper analyses the impact of the dairy quota scheme on the size distribution
of the Dutch dairy
industry. A non-stationary Markov model approach is used, where the transition probabilities
are
explained by a set of exogenous (policy) variables. Using an information theoretical
approach, a
model is estimated for The Netherlands and used to simulate the impacts of alternative
EU dairy
policies. Several results emerged:
a) There is an autonomous over time decline in farm numbers (implying increase in farm size).
b) The dairy quota regime positively influences 'small' and 'medium' farm sizes;
c) Abolition of the dairy quota will negatively affect the total number of active farms and favours further increase of farm scale.
d) Targeting support according to needs increases the number of active dairy farms as compared with the status quo.
a) There is an autonomous over time decline in farm numbers (implying increase in farm size).
b) The dairy quota regime positively influences 'small' and 'medium' farm sizes;
c) Abolition of the dairy quota will negatively affect the total number of active farms and favours further increase of farm scale.
d) Targeting support according to needs increases the number of active dairy farms as compared with the status quo.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
W. Erno Kuiper, Clemens Lutz, Aad van Tilburg
2002
This paper considers vertical price relationships between wholesalers and retailers
on five
local maize markets in Benin. We show that if the common factor and the long-run
disequilibrium error are not explicitly taken into account in testing the channel
model, one
can easily be wrong about how restrictions on the error-correction structure must
be
interpreted in terms of economic power in the channel. The empirical results show
interesting
differences between markets and reveal that retailers play a more prominent role
in the price
formation process than generally assumed in the literature. Retailers in the two
major towns
do not allow wholesalers to behave as vertical price leaders, but in the two larger
rural
centers, wholesalers involved in arbitrage among urban markets are able to influence
price
formation.

