Экономика » Экономика отраслевых рынков » Аграрная экономика » Международная торговля агропродовольственной продукцией
Всего публикаций в данном разделе: 5
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Опубликовано на портале: 04-01-2004
Peter Berck, David Bigman
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, 400 с.
Сборник работ по теме продовольственной безопасности в развивающихся странах. Рассматриваются
проблемы недоедания, бедности, состояния предложения и спроса на продовольствие,
политика государств и проведение альтернативные политических мер на микро- и макро-
уровнях.

Опубликовано на портале: 04-01-2004
Hans Binswanger, Ernst Lutz
Berlin, 2000
Rural growth is necessary for reducing rural poverty. But rural regions cannot generate
sustained growth in agricultural demand unless they trade with cities, neighboring
countries, and the rest of the world. That is the first problem. The second is that
world trade in agricultural and agro-industrial products has grown slower than general
trade—and developing countries have not been able to capture as large a share
of trade growth in agriculture as in industry. This has constrained agricultural
growth and diversification in the developing world.
We argue here that developing countries will have to continue their agricultural policy reforms. But the main focus has to be on the constraints on agricultural trade imposed by developed countries—and on the prospects for reducing them in the current round of WTO negotiations. Export subsidies should be outlawed. Domestic producer subsidies reduced. Access under tariff quotas increased. Tariff escalation on processed agricultural products removed. And the level and the dispersion of bound tariffs on agricultural imports reduced.
We argue here that developing countries will have to continue their agricultural policy reforms. But the main focus has to be on the constraints on agricultural trade imposed by developed countries—and on the prospects for reducing them in the current round of WTO negotiations. Export subsidies should be outlawed. Domestic producer subsidies reduced. Access under tariff quotas increased. Tariff escalation on processed agricultural products removed. And the level and the dispersion of bound tariffs on agricultural imports reduced.


Опубликовано на портале: 28-11-2003
Christian Bjornskov, Kim Martin Lind
2002
In the wake of the November 2001 Ministerial Conference in Doha, the positions of
most members
of the World Trade Organisation diverge, reflecting a large extent of disagreement
within the
organisation. This paper attempts to organise these positions and thereby inspire
a debate on the
possibility of collusion in the coming round of trade negotiations with a particular
focus on the
options of developing countries. Members’ positions on a range of issues identified
as important in
the coming round are rated and used as inputs in a correlation analysis and two forms
of cluster
analyses to identify potential alliances between members with reasonably similar
positions. The
paper identifies nine clusters of countries that are internally similar. Among these
clusters, the
positions of most developing countries are most similar to the positions of the so-called
Cairns
group and the US, whereas the European Union and Norway are significantly isolated
and
positioned far away from the developing countries. The paper concludes that developing
countries
have opportunities of forming alliances with specific developed countries in order
to promote their
trade objectives in the coming round of negotiations.


Опубликовано на портале: 28-11-2003
Jean-Christophe Bureau, Luca Salvatici
2002
This paper provides a summary measure of the possible new commitments in the area
of market access undertaken by the European Union and the United States, using the
Trade
Restrictiveness Index (TRI) as the tariff aggregator. Indicators such as the TRI,
based on welfare
theory, integrate economic behavioural assumptions within a balance of trade framework.
We
take the 2000 bound tariffs as the starting point and attempt to assess how much
liberalisation in
agriculture could be achieved in the European Union and the United States as a result
of the
present negotiations. We compute the index for agricultural commodity aggregates
assuming a
specific (Constant Elasticity of Substitution) functional form for import demand.
The present
levels of the TRI under the actual commitments of the Uruguay Round are computed
and
compared with three hypothetical cases: a repetition of the same set of commitments
of the
Uruguay Round, a uniform 36 percent reduction of each tariff, an harmonization formula
based
on the “sliding scale” scheme. This makes it possible to infer how reducing
tariff dispersion
would help improve market access in future trade agreements.


Опубликовано на портале: 30-11-2003
Jay Fabiosa, John C. Beghin, Stephane de Cara, Cheng Fang, Murat Isik, Holger Matthey
2003
Using a partial equilibrium model of world agriculture, we investigate the multilateral
removal of all border
taxes and farm programs and their distortion of world agricultural markets. These
distortions have significant
terms-of-trade effects. World trade is also significantly impacted by both
types of distortions. Trade
expansion is substantial for most commodities, especially dairy, meats, and vegetable
oils. Net agricultural
and food exporters (Brazil, Australia, and Argentina) emerge with expanded exports;
whereas net importing
countries with limited distortions before liberalization are penalized by
higher world markets prices and
reduced imports. The US gains significant export shares in livestock products
and imports more dairy
products. Without protection and domestic subsidies, the EU loses many
of its livestock and dairy export
markets.

