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Всего публикаций в данном разделе: 3
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Опубликовано на портале: 28-11-2003
Christian Bjornskov, Kim Martin Lind
2002
In the wake of the November 2001 Ministerial Conference in Doha, the positions of
most members
of the World Trade Organisation diverge, reflecting a large extent of disagreement
within the
organisation. This paper attempts to organise these positions and thereby inspire
a debate on the
possibility of collusion in the coming round of trade negotiations with a particular
focus on the
options of developing countries. Members’ positions on a range of issues identified
as important in
the coming round are rated and used as inputs in a correlation analysis and two forms
of cluster
analyses to identify potential alliances between members with reasonably similar
positions. The
paper identifies nine clusters of countries that are internally similar. Among these
clusters, the
positions of most developing countries are most similar to the positions of the so-called
Cairns
group and the US, whereas the European Union and Norway are significantly isolated
and
positioned far away from the developing countries. The paper concludes that developing
countries
have opportunities of forming alliances with specific developed countries in order
to promote their
trade objectives in the coming round of negotiations.


Опубликовано на портале: 30-11-2003
Anwar F. Chishti, Waqar Malik
2002
A theory-based graphical analysis of WTO’s trade liberalization policies (opening
of
close-economy to international trade and cuts in price-supports, import-tariffs and
exportsubsidies)
suggests that most of such policies would yield net social gains to the society,
as a
whole. The adverse effects and losses in producer surpluses of some of the policies
would be
balanced out by greater gains in consumer surpluses and vice versa. Losses in producer
surpluses
due to cuts in price supports and import tariffs are also expected to be partially
subsided by
reductions in export subsidies mainly granted by the USA and EU; hence, policies
need to be
enforced, not in isolation, but in a simultaneous fashion.
Trade liberalization would help minimize control of individuals on trade, leave less
room
for individual policy makers, tax collectors and interest groups to exploit situations
in their own
interest and lead the economy to be run in accordance with the supply and demand
forces based
on the last lasting general tendency of human nature. This would help to achieve
a sustainable
and stable agricultural growth; however, more durable sustained growth would depend
as how
effectively trade liberalization is pursued and enforced the world over. Opening
of closed
economy for exportables, and withdrawal of export subsidies by foreign exporters
would be proproducers
and would directly contribute to poverty alleviation. Opening of economy for
importables, withdrawal of price supports and tariff-cuts on imports would yield
savings to
consumers and would positively contribute towards poverty reduction.


Опубликовано на портале: 28-11-2003
Jean-Christophe Bureau, Luca Salvatici
2002
This paper provides a summary measure of the possible new commitments in the area
of market access undertaken by the European Union and the United States, using the
Trade
Restrictiveness Index (TRI) as the tariff aggregator. Indicators such as the TRI,
based on welfare
theory, integrate economic behavioural assumptions within a balance of trade framework.
We
take the 2000 bound tariffs as the starting point and attempt to assess how much
liberalisation in
agriculture could be achieved in the European Union and the United States as a result
of the
present negotiations. We compute the index for agricultural commodity aggregates
assuming a
specific (Constant Elasticity of Substitution) functional form for import demand.
The present
levels of the TRI under the actual commitments of the Uruguay Round are computed
and
compared with three hypothetical cases: a repetition of the same set of commitments
of the
Uruguay Round, a uniform 36 percent reduction of each tariff, an harmonization formula
based
on the “sliding scale” scheme. This makes it possible to infer how reducing
tariff dispersion
would help improve market access in future trade agreements.

