Всего публикаций в данном разделе: 23
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Опубликовано на портале: 02-09-2003
Adriana Arreaza, Bent E. Sorensen, Oved Yosha
2003
We measure the amount of smoothing achieved through various components of the government
deficit in EU and OECD countries. For EU countries, at the 1-year frequency percent
of shocks to GDP are smoothed via government consumption, 18 percent via transfers
percent via subsidies, while taxes provide no smoothing. The results for OECD countries
are similar. Government transfers provide more smoothing of negative than of positive
shocks among EU countries. There seems to be no trade-off between high government
deficits in a country and the ability to smooth consumption. We find that in countries
where there is delegation' of power or where fiscal targets are negotiated effectively
by coalition members consumption smoothing via government consumption and government
transfers is considerably higher. We interpret this finding as evidence that effective
budgetary institutions can accomplish efficient consumption smoothing via government
deficit spending and lower average deficits.

Опубликовано на портале: 04-01-2004
Julian Binfield, Gary Adams, Robert Young, Patrick Westhoff
Zaragoza, 2002
Most of the large scale modeling systems used in the analysis of agricultural policies
produce
deterministic projections. In reality, however, the agricultural sector is subject
to a high degree
of uncertainty as a result of fluctuations in exogenous factors such as the weather
or
macroeconomic variation. A stochastic approach can provide additional information
to policy
makers regarding the implications of this uncertainty, through the use of stochastically
generated
projections.
This paper also shows how deterministic analysis may result in systematic errors in the projection of some variables. As an applied example, the FAPRI model of the US agricultural sector is simulated stochastically to analyse the impact of proposals for the new US farm bill.
This paper also shows how deterministic analysis may result in systematic errors in the projection of some variables. As an applied example, the FAPRI model of the US agricultural sector is simulated stochastically to analyse the impact of proposals for the new US farm bill.


Опубликовано на портале: 24-12-2003
Julian Binfield, Patrick Westhoff, Robert Young
Durban, 2003
In the Mid-Term Review (MTR), the European Commission proposed a series of changes
to the Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP). An important part of these changes was significant decoupling
of support
payments from production. In this paper, a partial equilibrium model of the EU agricultural
sector is used to
estimate the potential impacts of the MTR proposals on EU and world agricultural
markets over the period
2004-2009. Effects of the MTR proposals are evaluated by comparing estimated outcomes
under the
proposals to those that would result under a current-policy baseline. The changes
that are made in the MTR
have the effect of reducing the production of the major commodities by varying amounts
based on the
importance of payments in production and the degree to which these payments are currently
production
inducing. For example, total area harvested for nine major crops falls by about 2
percent under the MTR
proposals. In the livestock sector, however, where current payments are strongly
coupled and form a large
part of producers’ income, the reductions in production are projected to be
more significant.


Опубликовано на портале: 30-12-2003
Lilyan E. Fulginiti, Richard K. Perrin, Bingxin Yu
Durban, 2003
Agricultural productivity in 41 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries from
1960 to 1999 is examined by
estimating a semi-nonparametric Fourier production frontier. Over the four
decades the estimated rate of
productivity change was 0.83% per year, although the average rate from 1985-99
was a strong 1.90% per
year. Former UK colonies exhibited significantly higher productivity gains
than others, while Liberia and
countries that had been colonies of Portugal or Belgium exhibited net
reductions in productivity. We
measure a significant reduction in productivity during political conflicts and wars,
and a significant increase
in productivity among those countries with a measure of political rights and civil
liberties.


Опубликовано на портале: 24-11-2006
Robbie B.H. Goh, Brenda S. A. Yeoh
Изд-во: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2003, 228 с.
Theorizing the Southeast Asian City as Text examines the ways in which culture, ethnicity,
languages, traditions, governance, policies and histories interplay in the creation
of the urban experiences in contemporary Southeast Asian cities. It focuses on the
ways in which urban spatial forms are textual experiences, subject to interpretative
strategies and the influence of other discourses. In addition it also analyzes the
experiences of modernization in such cities, but also in terms of the strategies
of containment, refurbishment, and loss which this has occasioned.


Опубликовано на портале: 30-11-2003
T. S. Jayne, Takashi Yamano, James Nyoro
2003
This paper addresses the potential for interlinked credit/input/output marketing
arrangements for particular
cash crops to promote food crop intensification. Using panel survey data
from Kenya, we estimate a
household fixed-effects model of fertilizer use per hectare of food crops,
using an instrumental variables
approach for addressing the endogeneity of participation in interlinked credit arrangements.
Results indicate
that households engaging in interlinked marketing programs for selected
cash crops applied considerably
greater fertilizer on other crops (primarily cereals) not directly purchased
by the cash crop trading firm.
These findings suggest that, in addition to the direct stimulus that interlinked
cash crop marketing
arrangements can have on small farmer incomes, these institutional arrangements
may provide spillover
benefits for the productivity of the farmers. other activities such as food cropping.


Опубликовано на портале: 25-10-2003
This book presents a comprehensive treatment of the cost-of-capital approach for
analyzing the economic impact of tax policy. This approach has provided an intellectual
impetus for reforms of capital income taxation in the United States and around the
world. The most dramatic example is the Tax Reform Act of 1986 in the United States.
In this landmark legislation the income tax base was broadened by wholesale elimination
of tax preferences for both individuals and corporations. Revenues generated by base
broadening were used to finance sharp reductions in tax rates at corporate and individual
levels.
The cost-of-capital approach presented in this book shows that important opportunities for tax reform still remain. This approach suggests two avenues for reform. One would retain the income tax base of the existing U.S. tax system, but would equalize tax burdens on all forms of assets as well as average and marginal rates on labor income. Elimination of differences in the tax treatment of all forms of assets would produce gains in efficiency comparable to those from the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Equalization of marginal and average tax rates on labor income would more than double these gains in efficiency. Proposals to replace income by consumption as a tax base were revived in the United States during the 1990's. The Hall-Rabushka Flat Tax proposal would produce efficiency gains comparable to those from equalizing tax burdens on all forms of assets under the income tax. However, a progressive National Retail Sales Tax, collected on personal consumption expenditures at the retail level, would generate gains in efficiency exceeding those from the Flat Tax by more than 50 percent! Equalizing marginal and average rates of taxation on consumption would double the gains from the Flat Tax.
The cost-of-capital approach presented in this book shows that important opportunities for tax reform still remain. This approach suggests two avenues for reform. One would retain the income tax base of the existing U.S. tax system, but would equalize tax burdens on all forms of assets as well as average and marginal rates on labor income. Elimination of differences in the tax treatment of all forms of assets would produce gains in efficiency comparable to those from the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Equalization of marginal and average tax rates on labor income would more than double these gains in efficiency. Proposals to replace income by consumption as a tax base were revived in the United States during the 1990's. The Hall-Rabushka Flat Tax proposal would produce efficiency gains comparable to those from equalizing tax burdens on all forms of assets under the income tax. However, a progressive National Retail Sales Tax, collected on personal consumption expenditures at the retail level, would generate gains in efficiency exceeding those from the Flat Tax by more than 50 percent! Equalizing marginal and average rates of taxation on consumption would double the gains from the Flat Tax.





Опубликовано на портале: 24-11-2006
David Allen Karp, Gregory P. Stone, William C. Yoels
Изд-во: Praeger Publishers, 1991, 296 с.
Being Urban examines the dynamic interplay between what theoretical perceptions tell
us about urban life and how ordinary people interpret and respond to the actual experience
of living in cities. A major focus of inquiry is the strategies people use to create
"community" in an environment where, many theorists believe, only alienation and
progressive disintegration are possible. In the second edition of this important
work, the authors have expanded their commitment to interdisciplinary perspectives
and have also included chapters on significant topics that have been largely neglected
in urban sociology. Part I provides a review of the themes of urban sociology developed
by nineteenth-century classic theorists and early American social scientists. In
Part II, the authors look at selected aspects of everyday city life, including the
bases of community, the primacy of social interaction for an understanding of urban
life, and conditions that produce the breakdown of urban tolerance for diversity
of cultures and lifestyles. A new chapter in Part II studies women's experiences
in cities. Part III explores institutional structures of urban life and broad patterns
of cultural change. A fascinating chapter focuses on power, stratification, and class
structure in cities, while a new chapter analyzes the role of sports in urban life.
The final chapter discusses city life in the postindustrial era, and the demographic,
cultural, and historical factors that lie behind the ongoing transformation of American
cities. This new edition offers a balanced treatment that avoids the anti-urban bias
characteristic of much that has been written on the subject. Being Urban is appropriate
for professionals and academics concerned with urban life, as well as for courses
in urban sociology.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Guirao Perez, Cano Fernandez, Lopez M.I. Yurda, Rodriguez Donate
2002
In this paper we measure the impact of an individual’s socioeconomic conditions
on the
decision to consume wine in a traditionally wine-producing area. Based on the data
obtained in an exhaustive survey on wine consumption and through discrete choice
models, we assess the changes which come about in the decisions to consume the
different types of wine under consideration, and we obtain the most relevant distinctive
and differentiated characteristics for each one of them.


Опубликовано на портале: 30-11-2003
Yves Surry, Rabelais Yankam Njonou, Bruno Henry De Frahan
2002
This study has used a corrected likelihood ratio, with AIDS and Rotterdam demand
models, to test
separability in three separable (A, B, C) wheat import demand structures on the French
common
wheat market. It appears from the study that the three separable Rotterdam structures
are accepted
by the test, while only two of them (B and C) are accepted in the case of AIDS at
5% level of
significance. Meanwhile, model B seems to be more indicated in demand analysis with
AIDS since
it is the only one accepted at 15% level of significance. The results obtained demonstrate
not only
the necessity to test separability in demand structures, but also the necessity to
know how the
allocation models can be used for demand analysis purpose. The study has also shown
a great
difference in econometric results for AIDS and Rotterdam and pose once more the issue
of the
choice of a functional form in demand analysis.


Опубликовано на портале: 22-03-2005
Jan Yager
Москва: John Wiley & Sons, 1994, 288 с.
Книга рассматривает практические стороны деятельности бизнесмена: внешний вид, этикет
личного общения с партнерами, клиентами и сослуживцами, правила ведения телефонного
разговора и переписки, манера поведения за столом, интерьер рабочего помещения, подарки
сотрудникам и партнерам и т.д. Отдельная глава отведена особенностях этикета в разных
странах. Книга содержит богатый фактический материал, собранный в ходе анкетных опросов
в американских фирмах, написана легким, занимательным языком.

Опубликовано на портале: 24-12-2003
Takashi Yamano, Harold Alderman, Luc Christiaensen
Durban, 2003
Over the past decades child stunting in Ethiopia has persisted at alarming
rates. While the country
experienced several droughts during this period, it also received enormous
amounts of food aid, leading
some to question the effectiveness of food aid in reducing child malnutrition. Using
nationally representative
household surveys from 1995-96 and controlling for program placement, we find that
children between 6 and
24 months experienced about 0.9 cm less growth over a six-month period
in communities where half the
crop area was damaged compared to those without crop damage. Food aid
was also found to have a
substantial effect on growth of children in this age group. Moreover, on average
the total amount of food aid
appeared to be sufficient to protect children against plot damage, an encouraging
sign that food aid can act as
an effective insurance mechanism, though its cost effectiveness needs further investigation.


Опубликовано на портале: 31-12-2003
Takashi Yamano, T. S. Jayne
Durban, 2003
Using a two-year panel of 1,422 Kenyan households surveyed in 1997 and 2000, we measure
how working age
adult mortality affects rural households’ size and composition, crop production,
asset levels, and off-farm
income. First, the paper uses adult mortality rates from available data on an HIV-negative
sample to
predict the proportion of deaths observed between 1997 and 2000 due to AIDS. Next,
using a difference-indifferences
estimation, we measure changes in outcomes between households afflicted by adult
mortality vs.
those not afflicted over the three-year survey period. The effects of adult mortality
are highly sensitive to the
gender and position of the deceased family member in the household. Households suffering
the death of the
head-of-household or spouse incurred a greater-than-one person loss in household
size. The death of a male
head-of-household between 16 and 59 years is associated with a 68% reduction in the
net value of the
household’s crop production. Female head-of-household or spouse mortality causes
a greater decline in
cereal area cultivated, while cash crops such as coffee, tea, and sugar are most
adversely affected in
households incurring the death of a male head-of-household. Off-farm income is also
significantly affected
by the death of the male head-of-household, but not in the case of other adult members.
The death of other
working-age family members is partially offset by an inflow of other individuals
into the family and has less
dramatic effects on the households’ agricultural production, assets, and off-farm
income. The effects of adult
mortality are also sensitive to the household’s initial asset levels. Lastly,
there is little indication that
households are able to recover quickly from the effects of working-age head-of-household
adult mortality;
the effects on crop and non-farm incomes do not decay at least over the three-year
survey interval.


Опубликовано на портале: 04-01-2004
Renata Yanbykh
Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, 409-427 с.
This paper discusses the policies of agricultural finance and credit which have been
implemented during the period of economic reform in Russia. An examination of various
government measures reveals the pitfalls and shortcomings in their implementation.
The main problem, however, lies in the fact that the government is attempting to
remedy the consequences, rather than tackling the causes. The delay in introducing
new methods of regulating agricultural finance and credit is aggravating the problem
even more.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
C.M. Yates, T. Rehman
2002
In order to respond to the current pressures on agriculture in the EU, the industry
will have to go through fundamental structural change. Economic modelling provides
the framework for understanding such changes. Mathematical programming is
probably the most robust of all the modelling approaches notwithstanding several
criticisms of the technique. Economists have long understood that profit maximisation
is not the only objective of farmers. Although there are techniques to incorporate
other objectives there does not exist a statistically rigorous method for estimating
an
appropriate objective functions. This problem also occurs at national and
international levels of aggregation. This paper presents a new approach to modelling
national and international production and trade through partial equilibrium and the
use of a new development called positivistic mathematical programming. The nonlinear
element of the objective function representing the partial equilibrium is
estimated using past observations on supply, consumption and prices.
Further, the paper also presents an original parameterisation of the demand curve that allows perfect competition to be simulated within the framework of a single mathematical model. Such a methodology is an advancement over methods that are currently in use.
Further, the paper also presents an original parameterisation of the demand curve that allows perfect competition to be simulated within the framework of a single mathematical model. Such a methodology is an advancement over methods that are currently in use.

