Всего публикаций в данном разделе: 74
Авторы: |
Названия: |
Опубликовано на портале: 22-09-2003
Douglass C. North, Robert Paul Thomas
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976, 179 с.
A radically new interpretation, offering a unified explanation for the growth of Western Europe between 900 A. D. and 1700, provides a general theoretical framework for institutional change geared to the general reader.
North and Thomas seek to explain the "rise of the Western world" by illuminating the causal importance of an efficient economic organization that guarantees a wide latitude of property rights and both incentives and protection for economic growth. Although they pay homage to both Marxian and neoliberal theory, they take a theoretical middle ground that privileges the sociopolitical backdrop of economic affairs (as opposed to solely private or class-based activity) and in doing so identifies the roots of modernization as far back as the 10th Century. To justify the novelty and originality of this approach, they write that most analysts have misidentified the symptoms of modern economic growth (technological change, human capital, economies of scale) as the causes. In doing so, previous scholars have failed to answer the question "if all that is required for economic growth is investment and innovation, why have some societies missed this desirable outcome?" (2). Their answer is that some societies (England and the Netherlands) were better than others (France and Spain) at providing an efficient economic organization that could guarantee conditions favorable to per capita economic growth among a rapidly growing population.
North and Thomas seek to explain the "rise of the Western world" by illuminating the causal importance of an efficient economic organization that guarantees a wide latitude of property rights and both incentives and protection for economic growth. Although they pay homage to both Marxian and neoliberal theory, they take a theoretical middle ground that privileges the sociopolitical backdrop of economic affairs (as opposed to solely private or class-based activity) and in doing so identifies the roots of modernization as far back as the 10th Century. To justify the novelty and originality of this approach, they write that most analysts have misidentified the symptoms of modern economic growth (technological change, human capital, economies of scale) as the causes. In doing so, previous scholars have failed to answer the question "if all that is required for economic growth is investment and innovation, why have some societies missed this desirable outcome?" (2). Their answer is that some societies (England and the Netherlands) were better than others (France and Spain) at providing an efficient economic organization that could guarantee conditions favorable to per capita economic growth among a rapidly growing population.



Introduction to Economics of Agricultural Development (MсGraw-Hill Series in Agricultural
Economics) [книги]
Опубликовано на портале: 04-01-2004
George W. Norton, Jeffrey Alwang
USA: McGraw Hill College Div, 1993, 404 с.
Учебник по экономике сельскохозяйственного развития.

Опубликовано на портале: 04-01-2004
George W. Norton, Scott M. Swinton
Berlin, 2000
Producers in industrialized countries have been inundated with ideas and information
about precision agriculture (PA) and how new site-specific management (SSM) technologies
will revolutionize their farm operations. Conjuring up Star Wars-imagery, farmers
and their computerized machinery communicate with satellites while speeding up and
down the information highway. The farm press has hailed the advent of these technologies
as a win-win situation with higher farm profits and improved environmental quality.
Certainly the potential is there for greater economic returns and better environmental
stewardship. But what exactly is precision agriculture, who is applying it, and where?
Is the technology only relevant for developed countries and are there implications
for markets? What is the likelihood that environmental benefits will be realized?
This paper addresses these questions by drawing on literature, data, and expert opinion to explore what technologies have been developed and which ones have been or are likely to be adopted, by whom, and where. It considers the environmental implications of this host of new information technologies.
This paper addresses these questions by drawing on literature, data, and expert opinion to explore what technologies have been developed and which ones have been or are likely to be adopted, by whom, and where. It considers the environmental implications of this host of new information technologies.


Опубликовано на портале: 20-05-2004
Douglass Sesil NourtПерев.: Андрей Николаевич Нестеренко (ориг.: Русский)
Москва: Фонд экономической книги "Начала", 1997, cерия "Современная институционально-эволюционная теория", 180 с.
Книга Дугласа Норта, лауреата Нобелевской премии по экономике 1993 года, выдержавшая
как минимум 9 изданий на английском языке, является одной из
основополагающих работ
в области институционально-эволюционной теории. Здесь рассматривается роль институтов
(законов, соглашений, кодексов поведения и т.п.) в социально-экономическом развитии.
Особую ценность для российского читателя имеет анализ влияния четко определенных
и защищенных прав собственности на эффективный экономический рост, а также зависимости
развития экономики от исторически сложившейся институциональной системы. На русском
языке публикуется впервые в переводе А. Н. Нестеренко под редакцией
Б. З. Мильнера.




Опубликовано на портале: 31-03-2005
Ernst-August Nuppenau
2004
This contribution deals with opportunities to integrate ecological objectives into
landscape
modelling. We start with the behaviour of farmers. By depicting the behaviour of
farmers with
respect to land use we determine farm and field sizes, as been dependent on prices,
natural
conditions, and structural variables, such as farm technologies. Then we pursue the
idea that
a geometrical interpretation of land use can help us to define an interface between
farming,
landscape modelling, and ecological concerns. This interface goes along economic
rationales
for income of farmers and ecological rationales for a redesign of landscapes. Next,
for
integrating ecological oriented nature components into a landscape planning, as been
based
on economic incentives, a payment scheme has to be introduced. Such payment scheme
becomes part of farmers’ objective functions in a non-linear model. Core decision
variables
are the longitudinal stretch of field sizes and the transversal stretch of farm sizes.
Then,
given various natural frames within an overarching subdivision of field parcels,
farms and the
landscape are optimised. The suggested approach can be sequentially solved taking
into
consideration natural conditions and behaviour. Furthermore, a central focus is on
policy instruments:
1. We cater for impacts of price policies on landscape structure (farm size) and
ecology (heterogeneity of fields). Note, in this context, that it is important to
depict the growth
of fields as being a consequence of imposed price pressure, modern technology application,
and income aspirations. 2. The ecological impacts of this process, also from intensity
of farming,
are addressed and measured as a diversity index. 3. Policies can be selected that
maintain
farm income and correct for negative ecological effects of field size changes. For
this
reason we suggest a principal agent approach and offer objective functions.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Ernst-August Nuppenau
2002
The paper explores the question of diversity in agricultural practice as related
to bio-diversity
and landscape appearance. It starts with the observation that, in the past, diverse
natural conditions
have considerably impacted on adapted modes of agricultural production, more than
today, and that previously performed farm practices were strongly affiliated with
specific natural
conditions. These practices positively contributed to a modified, diverse and man-made
environment which is frequently considered a beautiful landscape. This has changed
dramatically.
Particularly, where the European countryside is regarded a natural heritage, today,
the
public seems to be worried about modern farm practices. After the adoption of modern
techniques,
farmers prefer to apply unified production technologies and tend to set-up uniform
farm
structures and product mixes as well as land cultivation practices based on purchased
inputs.
Farm operations equalise natural conditions and contribute to uniform land rents.
However, a rising public concern for the preservation of bio-diversity is asking
for change
and new measures. Additional to regulations on farm practices governments seek to
compensate
farmers for nature preservation and production of bio-diversity. Presuming that high
biodiversity
is dependent on diversity in agricultural practice and landscape appearance due to
preserved natural conditions, the paper develops a model that links payments to diversity
in
farm practice and natural conditions. The applied model is landscape-oriented and
classifies
farm behaviour according to agronomic conditions. A reference system for a unified
technology
is presented and implications for payments are discussed using a behavioural approach.
This behavioural approach focuses on regional dynamics in natural condition as major
determinants
for bio-diversity and payments as determinants for farm practices. Payments are directed
to re-establish diversity in farm practices, counteract current technology dominance,
and assure a new exposure to nature, though only partly. Diversity becomes prevalent;
notably
according to an economic calculus of costs and benefits from taxpayers' point of
view.


Малая энциклопедия трейдера [книги]
Опубликовано на портале: 27-07-2006
Eric L. Nyman
Изд-во: Альпина Бизнес Букс, 2005, 410 с.
Это книга - шестое издание финансового бестселлера Эрика Наймана, где в легкой и
доступной форме изложены основные понятия и приемы успешного трейдинга. Автор описывает
основные методы фундаментального и технического анализа, рассказывает об индикаторах
и опционах, знакомит со специфическими видами анализа, методикой управления рисками,
основами психологии биржевой игры.
Энциклопедия предназначена для частных инвесторов и специалистов, работающих на финансовых
рынках, сотрудников инвестиционных компаний и банков, а также для тех, кто стремится
найти пути приумножения своих средств. Книга может использоваться в качестве учебного
пособия для студентов экономических специальностей.



Опубликовано на портале: 12-12-2003
John Pender, Ephraim Nkonya, Pamela Jagger, Dick Sserunkuuma, Henry Ssali
Durban, 2003
This paper estimates a structural econometric model of household decisions
regarding income strategies,
participation in programs and organizations, crop choices, land management,
and labor use, and their
implications for agricultural production and land degradation; based upon a survey
of over 450 households
and their farm plots in Uganda. The results generally support the Boserupian model
of population-induced
agricultural intensification, but do not support the .more people-less erosion.
hypothesis, with population
pressure found to contribute to erosion in the densely populated highlands. Agricultural
technical assistance
programs have location-specific impacts on agricultural production and land
degradation, contributing to
higher value of crop production in the lowlands, but to soil erosion
in the highlands. By contrast, NGO
programs focusing on agriculture and environment are helping to reduce erosion, but
have mixed impacts on
production. We find little evidence of impact of access to markets, roads and credit,
land tenure or title on
agricultural intensification and crop production, though road access appears to contribute
to land degradation
in the highlands. Education increases household incomes, but also reduces crop production
in the lowlands.
We do not find evidence of a poverty-land degradation trap, while poverty has mixed
impacts on agricultural
production: smaller farms obtain higher crop production per hectare, while households
with fewer livestock
have crop production. These findings suggest that development of factor markets
can improve agricultural
efficiency. Several other factors that contribute to increased value of
crop production, without significant
impacts on land degradation, include specialized crop production, livestock and nonfarm
income strategies,
and irrigation. In general, the results imply that the strategies to increase agricultural
production and reduce
land degradation must be location-specific, and that there are few .win-win. opportunities
to simultaneously
increase production and reduce land degradation.


Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Arsen Poghosyan, John P. Nichols, Rodolfo M. Nayga
2002
This study examines consumer willingness to pay for irradiated beef products. About
58 percent
of the respondents are willing to pay a premium for irradiated beef. An ordered probit
with sample
selection model was estimated. Standard errors of the marginal effects of the ordered
probit model were
estimated using the bootstrap method. Our findings suggest that females and those
who think that
improper handling contributes to food poisoning are more likely to pay a premium
of 50 cents per pound
of irradiated beef than others. Those who trust the irradiation technology are also
more likely to pay a
premium of between 5 to 25 cents per pound for irradiated beef. Supply chain implications
are discussed.


Опубликовано на портале: 26-05-2004
Vladislav Bajaja, Wilhelm Buhrer, Peter Krassnig, Phillippe Nanopoulos, Emmanuel Raulin, Guy ValentinРед.: Utz-Peter Reih, Rudolph Janke
Stuttgart: Mettzler-Poeschel, 1996
Сборник "Статистика предприятий" содержит научные материалы, освещающие
все основные
вопросы этой отрасли статистики. В нем дано обобщающее статистическое определение
предприятия, рассматриваются проблемы составления национальных регистров предприятий,
являющихся информационной основой проведения ежегодных обследований, и методические
вопросы организации таких обследований. Особенно интересно, что в рецензируемом
сборнике, представляющем собой вторую книгу серии "Статистические очерки", собраны статьи
представителей двух различных, принятых в Европе статистических подходов к оценке
границ сектора предприятий: национального, или французского, и секторального, или
немецкого. Научная ценность сборника определяется также и подробным анализом методических
подходов к интеграции статистической информации о предприятиях, полученной в указанных
различных концепциях определения границ сектора предприятий. Проведение
весной 2003 г. экономической переписи в России делает аннотируемый сборник особенно актуальным.

Опубликовано на портале: 16-03-2007
Одна из важнейших психологических работ последнего десятилетия. В ней рассматриваются
основные теоретические идеи социальной психологии, анализируется драматический опыт
практического решения социальных проблем. В центре внимания авторов — знаменитых
социальных психологов — власть ситуации над поведением человека, ее психологические
механизмы и прикладные следствия.
Для студентов и преподавателей высших учебных заведений, для всех, кто интересуется
социально-психологической теорией и ее применением на практике.



Опубликовано на портале: 30-12-2003
Paul R. Milgrom, John Donald Roberts, Harold Demsetz, Douglass C. North, Gordon Tullock, Mancur OlsonРед.: A. Kenneth Shepsle, James E. Alt
Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 278 с.
This volume serves as an introduction to the field of positive political economy
and the economic and political processes with which it is concerned. This new research
tradition is distinct from both normative and historical approaches to political
economy. Grounded in the rational-actor methodology of microeconomics, positive political
economy is the study of rational decisions in a context of political and economic
institutions. More analytical than traditional approaches, it is concerned with the
derivation of principles and propositions against which real-world experience may
be compared. Its focus is on empirical regularities, and its goal is theoretical
explanation.
The field has focused on three main areas of research: models of collective action, constraints on competitive market processes, and the analysis of transaction costs. Developments in all of these areas are covered in the book. The first part of the volume surveys the field, while the second part displays positive political economy at work, examining a variety of subjects. The final part contains essays by leading political economists on the theoretical foundations of the field.
The field has focused on three main areas of research: models of collective action, constraints on competitive market processes, and the analysis of transaction costs. Developments in all of these areas are covered in the book. The first part of the volume surveys the field, while the second part displays positive political economy at work, examining a variety of subjects. The final part contains essays by leading political economists on the theoretical foundations of the field.



Опубликовано на портале: 29-11-2003
Jim Stout, Susan Leetmaa, Anne Normile
2002
This paper provides an overview of the European Union component of the recently developed
ERS/Penn State WTO Model. The model is a multi-region, multi-commodity partial equilibrium
trade model which allows the user to simulate the effects of reducing or eliminating
tariffs and
TRQs, export subsidies, and domestic support policies. The paper describes how the
model
captures the important agricultural policies of the EU, and presents results from
model
simulations of domestic support liberalization, export subsidy elimination, and tariff
removal.


Опубликовано на портале: 23-01-2003
Solveig Wikstrom, Richard Normann
London: Routledge, 1994
This is an intriguing book, which weaves together ideas from organization theory,
strategic management and marketing to explore the implications of viewing the company
as a knowledge processing system. In developing this perspective, the authors describe
different types of knowledge and knowledge processes, using their classification
to elucidate processes for value creation, organizing for knowledge, and the company
as a knowledge system. They argue that much knowledge-and thus value-inheres and
accumulates in the complex web of relationships between suppliers and customers.
Such a view highlights the significance of durable relations in extended networks
as an important route to value creation.
The authors describe organizations as knowledge-producing systems and divide the
concept of knowledge into categories of
1.information,
2.skill or know-how,
3.explanation, and
4.understanding.
The knowledge-creating process is described in terms of:
generative processes, creating new knowledge
productive processes that form the basis for offerings and commitments to customers,
and
representative processes that transmit these offerings to customers, often in an
interactive mode of joint value-creation.
The message dovetails with Richard Normann's writings (with Rafael Ramirez) in the
early 90s on the shift from value chains (Porter) to value constellations (value
stars) and combines the concepts of competence, customer base, and offerings into
an evolutionary model of business growth. The authors delineate a model of the interactive
enterprise-an organization where interaction and the forming of relationships are
core activities in developing markets, developing products, and shaping and stabilizing
partnerships. The value constellation (Normann and Ramirez) is a good illustration
of this perspective. Organizations combine their own and their partners' customer
bases and competencies into offerings to customers. And customers are invited to
share in the value-creation process. A well-functioning value constellation is indeed
a learning organization.
Central to the organizational learning process is the notion of the client-driven
organization and the interactive process of value-creation with the customer. Also
the other end of the organizational domain, the production system, is seen as a partnering
system with the overriding goal to excel in value-creation. The authors describe
the four elements of the industrial system; centralization, standardization, mechanization,
and division of labor. They then continue to discuss how current developments change
this formation and lead up to the four corresponding elements of information technology
production, decentralization, multiplicity, information technology, and integration.
The transition from one to the other is not an easy one. It is, however, necessary
for those companies that want to survive in turbulent markets and in ever more complex
economies. They simply have to exploit the potentials of information technology.
They have to develop their core systems into knowledge-creating enterprises.
The collapsed model combines the notion of value constellation which integrates partners
in the production system and value constellations in the interaction with the final
customer and places the three organizational knowledge-creating processes (generative,
productive, and representative) as mediators between the two value centers. The value
constellations thus serve as complex interfaces between the company and its supply
and demand markets. On the one side is purchasing. On the other side is marketing,
or perhaps rather market communication. And in between is the knowledge-creating
company.
The frame of reference pronounces evolutionary growth and the industrial setting
and point of reference is first of all service-producing companies. The handling
of discontinuities, turnarounds, and the acquisition of new customers, or new competencies,
are not in the authors' focus.

