Knowledge, Capabilities and Human Capital Formation in Economic Growth
Опубликовано на портале: 27-10-2004
Treasury Working Papers.
2003.
No. 01/13.
Тематический раздел:
This monograph, which has been prepared as a Research Report to the New Zealand (New
Zealand) Treasury, undertakes three main tasks: (1) describing the various forms
of tangible and intangible human capital, their relationship to "capabilities" affecting
human well-being, and the channels through which they may contribute to economic
growth; (2) reviewing the major theoretical and empirical findings on the microeconomic
determinants, and macroeconomic growth effects of investment in human capital; (3)
reviewing salient general implications for policies affecting human capital, and
indicating measures specifically germane to the situation of the New Zealand economy.
For these purposes, the concept of human capital is defined comprehensively, so that
it embraces capacities for interpreting flows of sensory data and structured information
required for goal-directed individual actions and inter-personal transactions, and
for providing various physical labour service- inputs in ordinary production processes.
More conventionally, it subsumes the creative faculties for generating new scientific
and technological knowledge, the cognitive basis of entrepreneurship, and the competences
for managing market and non-market production as well as household consumption activities.
The report is organised in three main Parts that address the three major objectives,
taking each in its turn. A detailed Table of Contents and an Executive Summary precede
the text, which is followed by extensive bibliographic references. A unifying conceptual
framework is developed to (a) identify the micro-level processes involved in human
capital formation; (b) implicitly aggregate the resulting qualities and capabilities
of individuals belonging to successive population cohorts; (c) trace the interrelated
influences that the forms of human capital have upon macroeconomic performance. The
review of empirical evidence at the macroeconomic level features a discussion of
the deficiencies of data and methods in many of the international cross-section studies,
and contrasts recent econometric findings on the role of education in economic growth
among the developed economies with the conclusions derived through more detailed
analyses of their historical experiences. Significant policy implications do emerge
from the modern macroeconomic growth literature, but these are very broad in nature
and not particularly germane to the situation of small, open economies that may lack
a substantial industrial base or the extensive human and institutional infrastructure
required to generate the knowledge-base needed for their peoples' well-being and
their firms' competitive success in international markets. Nor does the received
literature adequately treat the implications of such economies' potential to rapidly
alter their respective human resource endowments through differential population
migration. Consideration of human capital policies geared more closely to the specific
challenges and opportunities facing New Zealand's economy leads to the formulation
of a number of novel proposals. These would reform tax treatment of education and
training investments by residents and immigrants alike; subsidise new voluntary institutions
developing on-the-job training programs under industry sponsorship; undertake public
information infrastructure investments in order to reduce the costs of effective
access to global knowledge bases in science and technology. Proposals also are considered
for integrated government programmes to accelerate the closing of persistent socio-economic
disparities within New Zealand society, such as those between Maori and non-Maori.
Ключевые слова
economic growth human capital R&D research and development исследования капиталовложения в человека развитие человеческий капитал экономический рост
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