@ARTICLE{17411403_,
    author = {Johnstone, Donald Bruce}, 
    keywords = {finance of higher education, higher education, higher educational participation},
    title = {Cost Sharing in Higher Education: Tuition, Financial Assistance, and 
Accessibility in Comparative Perspective },
    journal = {},
    year = {},
    month = {},
    volume = {},
    number = {},
    pages = {},
    url = {http://ecsocman.hse.ru/text/17411403/},
    publisher = {},
    language = {ru},
    abstract = {Recent years have seen a dramatic, albeit uneven and still contested, 
shift in the burden of higher education costs from being borne 
predominately by government, or taxpayers, to being shared with 
parents and students. This cost sharing may take the form of tuition, 
either being introduced where it did not hitherto exist or being 
rapidly increased where it already does. It may take the form of 
public institutions charging more nearly break even, or full cost 
fees for room, board, books, and other costs of student living that 
may formerly have been covered mainly by government. A shift of the 
cost burden from government to student and family may also come in 
the form of a reduction or sometimes a freezing (especially in 
inflationary times) of student grants. Similarly, it may come in the 
reduction of the effective grants represented by student loan 
subsidies as interest rates are increased closer to the costs of 
money, or market rates. Finally, the shift may come about through 
public policies that shift enrollments, particularly in rapidly 
expanding systems, from a heavily subsidized public sector to a much 
less subsidized, tuition-dependent private sector. In all these ways 
and in combinations thereof, albeit unevenly and still ideologically 
contested, the burden of higher educational costs worldwide is being 
shifted from governments or taxpayers to students and families. Thus, 
we can observe cost sharing entering into the public policies of 
countries with totally different social-political-economic systems 
and at totally different stages in their stage of economic 
development or industrialization or in the expansion of higher 
educational participation: e.g. China, Vietnam, the UK and Austria. },
    annote = {Recent years have seen a dramatic, albeit uneven and still contested, 
shift in the burden of higher education costs from being borne 
predominately by government, or taxpayers, to being shared with 
parents and students. This cost sharing may take the form of tuition, 
either being introduced where it did not hitherto exist or being 
rapidly increased where it already does. It may take the form of 
public institutions charging more nearly break even, or full cost 
fees for room, board, books, and other costs of student living that 
may formerly have been covered mainly by government. A shift of the 
cost burden from government to student and family may also come in 
the form of a reduction or sometimes a freezing (especially in 
inflationary times) of student grants. Similarly, it may come in the 
reduction of the effective grants represented by student loan 
subsidies as interest rates are increased closer to the costs of 
money, or market rates. Finally, the shift may come about through 
public policies that shift enrollments, particularly in rapidly 
expanding systems, from a heavily subsidized public sector to a much 
less subsidized, tuition-dependent private sector. In all these ways 
and in combinations thereof, albeit unevenly and still ideologically 
contested, the burden of higher educational costs worldwide is being 
shifted from governments or taxpayers to students and families. Thus, 
we can observe cost sharing entering into the public policies of 
countries with totally different social-political-economic systems 
and at totally different stages in their stage of economic 
development or industrialization or in the expansion of higher 
educational participation: e.g. China, Vietnam, the UK and Austria. }
}